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Biology and benefits of balloon and dagger flies in field crops
There are 208 species of balloon and dagger flies (Family: Empididae) in the UK, of which six are important for biocontrol.
Fly identification
Balloon and dagger flies are distinguished by a small, round head, large eyes and a hump-backed thorax. Shapes vary from slender to robust and they vary in size from tiny to large (1–12 mm).
Fly life cycle
The life cycle of these flies is poorly understood. There is probably one generation per year.
Benefits of balloon and dagger flies
Larvae predate other insects in the soil or dead wood, or are aquatic.
Adults are typically predatory, with strong, piercing mouthparts. They predate aphids, psyllids, whiteflies, coccids, midges, thrips and mites.
Adults of some species feed on pollen and nectar.
Six species are considered important for biocontrol.
Status
Balloon and dagger flies are very abundant in field boundaries and some crops.
How to encourage balloon and dagger flies
Techniques to encourage balloon and dagger flies include:
- Providing field margins with a variety of flowering shrubs and herbaceous plants
- Avoiding cutting margins in summer
- Preventing pesticide drift into margins