Volunteers main cause of elevated erucic acid levels in OSR

Elevated levels of erucic acid in double-low oilseed rape (OSR) crops are most likely to be the result of crop contamination by high- or elevated-erucic acid volunteers.

Rapid ways of assessing erucic acid levels at intake have also been found to be unreliable, compared with traditional methods.

With the European Commission set to reduce the legal limit for erucic acid in food products from 5% to 2%, farmers are being urged to follow industry guidance to manage erucic acid risks and potential disputes.

The latest developments have been published in a new AHDB report. Based on NIAB-led research, the publication describes how OSR can become contaminated, and outlines the most robust methods of detection.

Seed samples were sourced from commercial oilseed rape crops at harvest 2017. From these, a subset (50 x 250 g) of samples, with a range of erucic acid values, was used to compare a relatively rapid method of detecting erucic acid with the traditional method.

Near infrared spectrophotometer scanning (NIRS) techniques are rapid because they can be used at intake on whole rapeseed. The traditional method uses extracted oil and gas chromatography (GC) techniques.

Over the full erucic acid range (0–40%) detected in the study, NIRS gave an erucic acid test accuracy very close to that of GC analysis. However, NIRS accuracy was found to be significantly reduced at the critical 0–5% ranges, with ‘considerable inaccuracy’ at the 0–2% range.

Dhan Bhandari, who manages grain quality research at AHDB, said: “NIRS can give false results. It can show that loads have exceeded threshold values, when GC tests show that this is not the case. NIRS is getting better all the time but, particularly at lower levels, it lacks the accuracy of GC methods.”

Oil-bearing and potentially high erucic weed seeds were also looked for in the samples. Weed seeds were not found at levels that could have caused significantly elevated erucic acid levels. Tests on individual weed seeds, however, confirmed the high-erucic status of some species.

On a subset (12/50) of samples, testing of single seeds confirmed the stability of the low erucic acid genetic trait. The range of erucic acid levels detected was consistent with that expected as a result of cross-pollination with high- or elevated-erucic acid volunteers or, in the case of the highest levels of erucic acid, the presence of high erucic (HEAR) varieties in the double-low crop.

The research also confirmed that higher contamination risks are associated with crops grown from farm-saved seed. Crops grown from hybrid-seed sources appeared to be associated with the lowest level of risk.

Leaf tissue taken from volunteer plants in commercial OSR fields in 2018 was tested for the presence of a high erucic acid gene. By combining the test results with erucic acid levels measured in the crops at harvest, the researchers confirmed that a field-level test for erucic acid contamination risk from volunteers could be developed.

The ‘Guidelines to minimise the risk of erucic acid in double-low oilseed rape’ and further information on the research project can be accessed via ahdb.org.uk/erucic-acid

This news release is based on a new AHDB final project report (no. 602) entitled: ‘Investigation of high levels of erucic acid in consignments of double-zero oilseed rape varieties’. This is the final report of a 12-month project (21130055) that started in March 2018. Led by NIAB, the work was funded by a contract for £46,000 from AHDB Cereals & Oilseeds.

On 8 February 2019, the European Commission Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed approved the reduction of the European legal limit for erucic acid to 2%, although no timescale for implementation has yet been announced. The Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations Ltd. contract (currently FOSFA 26a) limit for erucic acid in rapeseed has been 2% for many years.

In 2018, AHDB issued guidelines to help farmers manage erucic acid risks in oilseed rape. The guidelines highlight the key risk points that the farmer can control.

The five risk points are:

• Seed source: Farm-saved seed carries a risk as it can become contaminated with seed from volunteers. Erucic acid tests should be conducted on all seed sources before drilling.
• Pre-planting: After harvest, cultivations should be delayed (ideally, by at least four weeks) to allow OSR volunteers to germinate and be controlled.
• Established crop: Fields with OSR volunteers and erucic acid producing weed populations should be identified, as they are at higher risk.
• Harvest: Poor segregation of crops also increases risk. Double-low OSR must be segregated from HEAR OSR and weed-prone crops at all times.
• Contracts: It is essential to read and understand any contract before it is signed. Sealed and labelled representative samples of all seed should be retained in case of any dispute.

The guidelines contain further information on each risk point, including examples of how risks can be mitigated.

ahdb.org.uk/erucic-acid